Aspects of Logic.
It’s been several months since my last article was published. I spoke briefly on aspects of thinking, and various types of thinking styles. As a self-professed Pantheist, & Philosopher and a person who lives by the philosophy & guiding moral principles of Ma’at (Truth, Justice, Harmony, Balance, Order, Propriety, Reciprocity) I strive to understand the natural world our interconnectedness &; interdependence in it more clearly &; precisely. A Philosopher is one who seeks wisdom or enlightenment. Sources: [B] So we should always strive to seek wisdom & enlightenment in everything we do.
In a rapidly evolving world where information overload and complex challenges abound, the ability to navigate through a sea of ideas and make rational decisions has never been more crucial. Enter the realm of logic an intellectual discipline that unveils the fundamental principles of reasoning and analysis. Aspects of Logic, with its dynamic nature, provide a powerful framework for understanding, evaluating, and improving our collective thinking. By honing our logical faculties, we can foster a society that is both enlightened and resilient.
Logic serves as a guiding light in the pursuit of truth and rationality. It equips us with the tools to critically assess arguments, identify fallacies, and distinguish between valid and flawed reasoning. Through logical analysis, we unravel hidden assumptions, detect inconsistencies, and unveil biases that can hinder the progress of societies. By engaging with the intricacies of logical reasoning, individuals can develop the skills needed to navigate complex issues and arrive at well-founded conclusions.
Furthermore, the application of logic extends beyond individual reasoning to broader social contexts. By embracing logical thinking, we can enhance the quality of public discourse and promote constructive dialogue. Logic encourages the formulation of coherent arguments supported by evidence and reason, fostering a culture of respectful and informed debate. In a society guided by logical principles, disagreements become opportunities for growth and knowledge exchange, rather than sources of division and conflict.
Moreover, the study of logic can empower individuals to become astute consumers of information in an era rife with misinformation and manipulation. Through logical analysis, we can sift through the noise and discern credible sources, recognizing fallacious arguments and deceptive tactics employed to sway public opinion. By equipping citizens with the tools to evaluate information critically, logic safeguards against the spread of falsehoods, thus fortifying the foundations of an informed society.
The far-reaching impact of logic extends into various domains, including law, science, ethics, and technology. Legal systems rely on logical reasoning to ensure fairness and justice, while scientific inquiry rests on the bedrock of logical deduction and hypothesis testing. Ethical dilemmas can be examined through logical frameworks, guiding us towards morally sound decisions. Additionally, as technological advancements reshape our world, the application of logic becomes indispensable in navigating ethical concerns surrounding artificial intelligence, privacy, and societal impact. So let’s dive into it.
Propositional Logic: Propositional logic deals with the study of logical relationships and operations on propositions, which are statements that are either true or false. It focuses on logical connectives such as conjunction, disjunction, implication, and negation. Sources: [1][2]
Propositional Logic, a fundamental branch of formal logic, can be applied in various aspects of life to enhance critical thinking, decision-making, and problem-solving. Here’s an example of how Propositional Logic can be helpful: Let’s say you’re considering whether or not to go on a vacation. To make an informed decision, you can break down the problem using Propositional Logic. You identify several propositions related to the situation:
P: “I have enough vacation days available.”
Q: “I have sufficient funds for the trip.”
R: “The weather forecast for the destination is favorable.”
S: “I have a suitable travel companion.”
Now, you can express your decision-making process using logical connectives:
If P, Q, R, and S are all true (P ∧ Q ∧ R ∧ S), then you can conclude that it is reasonable to go on a vacation. However, if any of these propositions are false, you can use logical connectives to analyze the implications:
If P is false (¬P), it means you don’t have enough vacation days, which might lead you to postpone the trip or consider alternative arrangements.
If Q is false (¬Q), it suggests that you don’t have enough funds, prompting you to either save more or find a more affordable destination.
If R is false (¬R), you might reconsider your plans or explore other locations with better weather conditions.
If S is false (¬S), you may decide whether to travel alone or find a different companion, or even postpone the trip if having a companion is crucial to your enjoyment.
By applying Propositional Logic, you can systematically evaluate each proposition’s truth value and draw logical conclusions about the feasibility of going on a vacation. This logical analysis helps you make informed decisions based on evidence and reasoning, ultimately leading to a more satisfactory outcome. This example demonstrates how Propositional Logic can be used to break down complex problems, assess the relationships between different propositions, and guide decision making processes by applying logical principles.
Predicate Logic: Predicate logic extends propositional logic by introducing variables, quantifiers (existential and universal), and predicates. It provides a framework for expressing more complex statements involving properties, relations, and quantification over individuals. Sources: [3][4]
Imagine you are planning a trip with your friends and trying to decide which activities to include. You have a list of preferences for each person, including their preferred type of activity and their availability. To make an informed decision, you can utilize Predicate Logic to model and evaluate different scenarios.
Let’s define a few predicates to represent the information:
Person(x): x is a person.
Activity(y): y is an activity.
Prefers(x, y): x prefers activity y.
Available(x): x is available.
Now, let’s assume we have the following statements:
Person(Kwame)
Person(Assata)
Person(Olatunji)
Activity(Hiking)
Activity(Swimming)
Activity(Sightseeing)
Prefers(Kwame, Hiking)
Prefers(Assata, Swimming)
Prefers(Olatunji, Sightseeing)
Available(Kwame)
Available(Assata)
Available(Olatunji)
With this information, we can construct logical expressions to reason about different scenarios. For example, we can use Predicate Logic to find a suitable activity that satisfies everyone’s preferences and availability:
∃y (Activity(y) ∧ ∀x (Person(x) → (Prefers(x, y) ∧ Available(x))))
This expression reads: “There exists an activity y that is preferred by all people x, and x is available.”
By evaluating this expression, we can determine if there exists an activity that satisfies everyone’s preferences and availability. If such an activity exists, it can help you make a decision that maximizes satisfaction among your friends while considering their constraints. While this example simplifies the complexity of real-life scenarios, it demonstrates how Predicate Logic can assist in decision making processes by providing a formal framework to model relationships, preferences, and constraints. In more complex situations, Predicate Logic can be employed to reason about larger sets of statements and make more informed choices.
Modal Logic: Modal logic explores the concepts of possibility, necessity, and related modalities. It studies the logical behavior of operators like “necessarily” and “possibly” and their interaction with propositions. Sources: [5][6]
Modal logic can be beneficial in various aspects of life by providing a framework to reason about possibilities, necessities, and uncertainties.
For instance, consider the following example: Let’s say you’re planning a weekend getaway, and you’re uncertain about the weather conditions at your chosen destination. Modal logic can assist you in making a more informed decision. By applying modal logic, you can express your uncertainty using modal operators such as “possibly” or “probably.” For instance, you might say, “It’s possibly going to rain at the destination.” This allows you to acknowledge the different possibilities and assess their impact on your plans.
Also, modal logic can help you reason about the consequences of different scenarios. You can use modal operators such as “if…then” to form statements like, “If it rains, then we can explore indoor activities, but if it’s sunny, we can enjoy outdoor adventures.” This enables you to consider various contingencies and make flexible plans based on different outcomes.
Additionally, modal logic can help you reason about necessities and obligations. For example, you might state, “We must pack water because it’s necessary to hydrate our body.” This highlights the importance of certain actions based on logical necessities.
By employing modal logic in this situation, you can effectively analyze the possibilities, consequences, and necessities associated with your weekend getaway. This logical framework can assist you in making more informed decisions, preparing for contingencies, and adapting your plans accordingly.
Temporal Logic: Temporal logic deals with reasoning about time and temporal relationships between propositions. It provides formal languages and operators to express and analyze statements about events, actions, and the ordering of time. Sources: [7][8]
Imagine you have a busy schedule with multiple tasks and appointments throughout the day. You want to ensure that you don’t miss any important deadlines or meetings. By applying temporal logic, you can create a set of temporal formulas that represent the temporal constraints and dependencies of your tasks. For instance, let’s say you have a project deadline in two weeks, and you need to complete specific tasks before that date.
You can express this requirement using temporal logic by stating that “Task A must be finished before Task B, and Task B must be finished before the project deadline.” With temporal logic, you can also introduce temporal operators to represent temporal relationships such as “before,” “after,” “at the same time as,” or “within a certain time frame.” For example, you could express that “Task C should be started immediately after Task A is completed but should finish before Task B begins.”
By formalizing these temporal constraints using temporal logic, you can create a clear and structured representation of your schedule. This can help you in several ways; Task scheduling: Temporal logic allows you to analyze the temporal relationships between tasks, helping you determine the optimal order and timing for completing them. This helps you allocate your time more efficiently and reduces the risk of missing important deadlines.
Dependency management: By representing dependencies between tasks, temporal logic helps you identify critical paths and understand how the completion of one task affects the start or finish of other tasks. This enables you to prioritize your efforts and resources accordingly.
Proactive planning: Temporal logic allows you to anticipate potential bottlenecks or conflicts in your schedule. By modeling different scenarios and exploring possible outcomes, you can proactively adjust your plans and take preventive actions to avoid time-related issues.
Mathematical Logic: Mathematical logic, also known as formal logic, investigates the foundations and structures of mathematics using logical methods. It encompasses various logical systems and proof theories, including set theory, model theory, proof theory, and computability theory. Sources: [9][10]
Mathematical Logic, with its rigorous reasoning and systematic approach, can provide valuable tools for problem-solving and decision-making in various aspects of life.
Here’s an example to illustrate its usefulness: Suppose you’re planning a road trip across multiple cities, and you want to optimize your route to minimize travel time and fuel consumption.
Mathematical Logic can help you in the following ways:
Logical Deduction: By applying logical deduction, you can analyze the road network and identify the most efficient routes between cities. You can use logical inference rules to deduce the shortest path or determine the optimal sequence of cities to visit.
Boolean Algebra: Boolean algebra, a branch of mathematical logic, can assist in optimizing your route based on specific criteria. For instance, you may want to include certain attractions or landmarks in your journey. By representing your preferences as logical statements and using Boolean algebra, you can construct a logical expression that guides your route planning.
Decision Making: Mathematical Logic can aid in decision-making when faced with multiple options. For example, you might have to choose between alternative routes with varying distances and traffic conditions. By applying logical reasoning and evaluating different criteria (e.g., travel time, fuel efficiency, road conditions), you can make an informed decision based on objective analysis.
Optimization Problems: Mathematical Logic provides a framework for solving optimization problems. You can model your road trip as an optimization problem, where the objective is to minimize travel time or fuel consumption while considering constraints like distance limits or avoiding toll roads. Applying logical reasoning and mathematical techniques such as linear programming or constraint satisfaction, you can find an optimal solution that meets your preferences and constraints.
By leveraging the principles and techniques of Mathematical Logic, you can make more efficient and informed decisions in various real-life scenarios, such as route planning, resource allocation, decision-making, and problem-solving. It enables a structured approach to reasoning and helps ensure that your choices are based on sound logical foundations.
Non-Classical Logic: Non-classical logic explores alternative systems of logic that deviate from classical logic. These include intuitionistic logic, paraconsistent logic, relevance logic, and fuzzy logic, each with different underlying principles and inference rules. Sources: [11][12]
Non-Classical Logic, also known as alternative or non-standard logic, encompasses various logical systems that deviate from the classical rules of propositional and predicate logic. While classical logic follows the principles of bivalence (something is either true or false) and the law of excluded middle (either a statement or its negation is true), non-classical logic explores alternative approaches to reasoning.
To illustrate how non-classical logic can assist a young adult in real life, let’s consider an example involving decision making and uncertainty:
Imagine a young adult, who is contemplating whether to pursue a career in the arts or a more stable profession like engineering. Classical logic may offer a straightforward approach by weighing the pros and cons of each option and making a definitive choice based on rational analysis. However, non-classical logic can provide A person with additional tools to handle the inherent uncertainties and complexities of such a decision.
One relevant non-classical logical system is fuzzy logic, which deals with degrees of truth rather than strict binary categorization. A person might have mixed feelings about both career paths, with some aspects appealing to them in each domain. Fuzzy logic can help A person assign degrees of truth or membership to different criteria important to their decision.
For example, A person might rate their passion for art as “high,” their aptitude for engineering as “moderate,” and their desire for financial stability as “moderate.” By utilizing fuzzy logic, A person can create a nuanced representation of their preferences and values.
Another non-classical logical framework that could assist A person is paraconsistent logic, which allows for the acceptance of contradictory or inconsistent information without leading to complete inconsistency. A person may encounter conflicting advice or opinions about their career choices, and paraconsistent logic can help them analyze and reconcile contradictory viewpoints. Instead of simply dismissing conflicting perspectives, A person can explore the nuances, potential trade-offs, and unique circumstances associated with each opinion. This approach can help A person gain a more comprehensive understanding of the situation and make a more informed decision.
Philosophical Logic: Philosophical logic examines the logical aspects of philosophical theories and arguments. It focuses on issues like the nature of truth, validity, inference, logical paradoxes, and the relationship between language and reality. Sources: [13][14]
For instance, let’s consider a young adult who is contemplating a career path. By applying philosophical logic, they can analyze the pros and cons of different options and assess the validity of arguments supporting each choice. They can employ logical reasoning to identify potential fallacies, inconsistencies, or gaps in the presented information. This enables them to make more informed decisions, based on sound reasoning and evidence rather than solely relying on emotions or societal pressures.
Moreover, philosophical logic fosters clarity of thought and precision in communication. It equips individuals with the skills to articulate their ideas coherently, formulate logical arguments, and identify flaws in others’ reasoning. This can be advantageous in various professional and personal contexts, such as job interviews, negotiations, or engaging in debates or discussions. By employing the principles of philosophical logic, a young adult can effectively convey their thoughts, defend their viewpoints, and engage in constructive dialogues.
Furthermore, studying philosophical logic cultivates intellectual humility and open-mindedness. It encourages individuals to critically examine their own beliefs and consider alternative perspectives. This capacity for critical self-reflection helps young adults in personal growth, promoting a willingness to challenge preconceived notions and embrace new ideas. By embracing logical analysis, they can avoid cognitive biases and approach problems with a more rational and open mindset.
Proof Theory: Proof theory investigates the formal structure of proofs, the concept of formal derivation, and the relationships between syntax and semantics. It provides insights into the process of proving theorems within different logical systems. Sources: [15][16]
Proof theory logic can assist a young adult in real life by enhancing their critical thinking skills and aiding them in making logical and well-founded decisions. For instance, let’s consider a scenario where a young adult is deciding whether to pursue a particular career path. Using proof theory logic, they can apply a systematic approach to analyze and evaluate the available evidence. They can start by identifying their goals, interests, and the skills required for the chosen career. Next, they can gather information through research, talking to professionals in the field, and seeking guidance from mentors or advisors.
Applying proof theory logic, they can then examine the gathered evidence and arguments, assessing their validity and coherence. They can analyze the logical connections between the information they have acquired, checking for any inconsistencies or contradictions. By employing proof theory principles, they can identify any gaps in their knowledge or potential flaws in their reasoning.
Model Theory: Model theory studies the relationship between formal languages and the structures they represent. It investigates the properties of models, interpretations, and the satisfaction of formulas in different models. Sources: [17][18]
Model theory logic can help a young adult in real life by enhancing their critical thinking skills and enabling them to make informed decisions. Let’s consider an example: Imagine that, a young adult, is trying to decide whether to accept a job offer from Company A or Company B. He or She has gathered information about both companies, including their values, work environment, and potential career growth opportunities. However, He or she is still unsure about which company would be the best fit for him or her.
This is where model theory logic can come into play. The person can use logical reasoning and model theory techniques to analyze the information she has and evaluate the potential outcomes of her decision. A person can construct models that represent the key aspects of each company and their impact on her personal and professional goals.
By applying model theory logic, the particular person can examine different scenarios and assess the consequences of their choices. A person can consider factors such as job satisfaction, salary, work-life balance, and long-term career prospects within each company. This logical analysis will help a person identify any inconsistencies, contradictions, or potential pitfalls in her decision-making process.
Computability Theory: Computability theory, also known as recursion theory, examines the concept of computability and the limits of what can be computed. It studies Turing machines, recursive functions, and other computational models to understand the notion of solvability and the hierarchy of computable functions. Sources: [19][20]
Let’s say you’re a young adult who has just started learning computer programming. You have a passion for developing software and want to pursue a career in the field. However, you often find yourself struggling with solving complex programming problems and writing efficient algorithms.
This is where Computability Theory and Logic can come to your aid. By studying these areas, you’ll gain a deeper understanding of the fundamental principles underlying computation and reasoning. This knowledge can assist you in several ways:
Algorithm Design: Computability Theory helps you understand the limits of computation, enabling you to design algorithms that are both correct and efficient. By applying logical reasoning, you can break down complex problems into smaller, manageable tasks and devise algorithms to solve them step by step.
Problem Solving Skills: Logic plays a crucial role in problem-solving. Studying logic can enhance your ability to analyze problems, identify patterns, and formulate logical solutions. You’ll become better at breaking down problems into logical components, which can be beneficial not only in programming but also in various real-life scenarios requiring critical thinking.
Debugging and Troubleshooting: When developing software, bugs and errors are inevitable. However, with a strong foundation in logic, you can apply deductive reasoning to identify the root cause of the issue more effectively. You’ll be able to trace the flow of data and logic in your code, spot inconsistencies, and debug the program efficiently.
Formal Verification: Computability Theory and Logic provide tools and techniques for formal verification, which involves mathematically proving the correctness of software or systems. By applying formal methods, you can ensure the reliability and safety of your code, especially in critical applications such as medical devices, autonomous vehicles, or financial systems.
Computational Thinking: Studying Computability Theory and Logic cultivates computational thinking, a mindset that helps you approach problems in a structured and systematic manner. It involves breaking down complex problems into smaller, more manageable sub problems, recognizing patterns, and designing algorithms to solve them. This type of thinking can be applied not only to programming but also to various aspects of life, including decision-making, planning, and organizing tasks efficiently.
Set Theory: Set theory explores the mathematical study of sets and their properties. It investigates the foundations of mathematics by analyzing notions such as membership, union, intersection, and cardinality. Sources: [21][22]
Suppose you’re a young adult planning to throw a party at your house. You have a list of friends, and you want to organize the party in such a way that everyone feels included and comfortable. Set Theory Logic can assist you in achieving this goal.
First, you can represent your friends as sets. Each set would consist of individuals who share a common characteristic or interest. For instance, you might have a set of friends who enjoy outdoor activities, another set of friends who are fans of a particular sports team, and a third set of friends who share a passion for art. Next, you can utilize the principles of Set Theory Logic to determine the optimal party arrangements.
By identifying the intersections and unions between sets, you can find commonalities and groupings among your friends.
For instance, let’s say you have a set of friends who are both outdoor enthusiasts and fans of the sports team. By taking the intersection of these two sets, you can identify individuals who fall into both categories. This information can help you plan activities for them during the party, such as organizing a game in the backyard or screening a match they can all enjoy.
Similarly, if you have friends who are interested in art, you can create an intersection between the art set and the outdoor set to find individuals who appreciate both. For this group, you can arrange an outdoor art showcase or set up a painting activity amidst the natural surroundings. By utilizing Set Theory Logic in this manner, you can ensure that each friend feels included and engaged in the party. It allows you to identify common interests and plan activities that cater to specific groups, fostering a sense of belonging and enjoyment for everyone attending.
Logical Reasoning: Logical reasoning refers to the process of drawing valid inferences and making logical deductions from given premises. It includes techniques like deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and abductive reasoning, which are used to analyze arguments and reach logical conclusions. Sources: [23][24]
Logical reasoning logic can greatly assist a young adult in various aspects of real life. Let’s consider an example: Suppose a young adult is trying to decide whether or not to take up a part-time job while pursuing their college studies. Using logical reasoning logic, A person can analyze the situation by considering the following factors:
Time Management: A person can logically assess their current commitments, such as attending classes, studying, and personal responsibilities. By evaluating the time required for a part-time job, A person can determine if they can effectively manage their schedule without compromising their academic performance.
Financial Stability: Logical reasoning logic enable A person can weigh the financial benefits of having a part-time job against the potential negative impacts on their studies. They can consider their expenses, financial goals, and the necessity of additional income to make an informed decision.
Career Development: A person can logically reason about the potential benefits of gaining work experience while studying. They can consider if the part-time job aligns with their future career goals, offers relevant skills, or provides networking opportunities that could enhance their professional growth.
Stress and Well-being: Applying logical reasoning logic, A person can assess their stress levels and overall well-being. They can evaluate the potential impact of a part-time job on their mental and physical health, considering factors such as workload, commuting time, and the ability to maintain a healthy work-life balance.
These aspects of logic form the foundation of the discipline and provide the tools and frameworks for reasoning, analysis, and formalizing knowledge in various fields of study.
In conclusion, exploring the aspects of logic presents a transformative opportunity to improve lives, particularly for people who face unique challenges on a daily basis. By applying logical thinking, individuals can navigate these hurdles with increased clarity, objectivity, and resilience.
Logic, as a tool for understanding the world, offers a naturalistic lens that can resonate with pantheistic perspectives. It encourages individuals to embrace the interconnectedness of all things, fostering a deep appreciation for the beauty and complexity of our natural surroundings. By embracing logical reasoning, our people can further strengthen their bond with nature, finding solace and inspiration in its grandeur while developing a holistic worldview that celebrates their heritage and spirituality.
Moreover, logic provides a framework for building good moral character. Just as a skilled mason carefully constructs a solid structure, logical thinking enables individuals to construct a solid foundation for ethical decision-making. By adhering to the principles of logic, such as consistency, coherence, and rationality, our people can cultivate moral integrity, making choices that align with their values and contribute to the betterment of our communities.
In the pursuit of a just and balanced society, the seven principles of Ma’at, can be integrated with logical reasoning. These principles—truth, justice, harmony, balance, order, reciprocity, and propriety—align closely with logical thinking, emphasizing fairness, equity, and ethical conduct. By integrating these principles with logical reasoning, our people can navigate societal challenges, striving for a world where justice prevails, and all individuals are treated with dignity and respect.
In essence, embracing logic empowers our people to transcend the obstacles they face and pursue a more fulfilling and meaningful life. By leveraging the tools of logic, they can understand the world in a naturalistic light, honoring their spirituality while fostering a deep connection with nature. Simultaneously, logical thinking equips them with the ethical compass needed to cultivate good moral character, working towards a just and balanced society guided by the principles of Ma’at. Through this harmonious integration, logic becomes a catalyst for personal growth, societal progress, and the empowerment & pursuit of a brighter future.
References.
[A] Shapiro, S & Kissel, T.K. (2000, September 16) Classical Logic; https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/
[B] https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/philosopher#
[1] A. N. Prior, “The Runabout Inference-Ticket,” Analysis, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1945.
[2] J. P. Burgess, “Philosophical Logic,” Princeton University Press, 2009.
[3] H. Enderton, “A Mathematical Introduction to Logic,” Academic Press, 2001.
[4] P. Hájek and P. Pudlák, “Metamathematics of First-Order Arithmetic,” Springer, 1998.
[5] P. Blackburn, J. van Benthem, and F. Wolter, “Handbook of Modal Logic,” Elsevier, 2006.
[6] D. Gabbay and F. Guenthner (Eds.), “Handbook of Philosophical Logic,” Springer, 2007.
[7] P. Ohrstrom and A. Hasle, “Temporal Logic: From Ancient Ideas to Artificial Intelligence,” Springer, 2011.
[8] M. Fisher and D. Harel, “Symbolic Logic: A First Course,” Pearson, 2005.
[9] E. Mendelson, “Introduction to Mathematical Logic,” CRC Press, 2015.
[10] J. Barwise and J. Etchemendy, “Language, Proof and Logic,” CSLI Publications, 2011.
[11] G. Restall, “An Introduction to Substructural Logics,” Routledge, 2000.
[12] N. C. A. da Costa and D. Marconi, “An Introduction to Paraconsistent Logics,” Springer, 2019.
[13] G. Priest, “An Introduction to Non-Classical Logic,” Cambridge University Press, 2008.
[14] D. Gabbay and F. Guenthner (Eds.), “Handbook of Philosophical Logic,” Springer, 2013.
[15] D. M. Gabbay and R. Schmidt (Eds.), “The Handbook of Proof Theory,” Elsevier, 1998.
[16] G. Takeuti and W. M. Zaring, “Introduction to Axiomatic Set Theory,” Springer, 1982.
[17] D. Marker, “Model Theory: An Introduction,” Springer, 2002.
[18] W. Hodges, “A Shorter Model Theory,” Cambridge University Press, 1997.
[19] R. I. Soare, “Recursively Enumerable Sets and Degrees,” Springer, 2016.
[20] M. Sipser, “Introduction to the Theory of Computation,” Cengage Learning, 2012.
[21] T. Jech, “Set Theory,” Springer, 2003.
[22] K. Hrbacek and T. Jech, “Introduction to Set Theory,” Marcel Dekker, 1999.
[23] D. N. Walton, “Informal Logic: A Handbook for Critical Argumentation,” Cambridge University Press, 2008.
[24] M. Davis, R. Sigal, and E. Weyuker, “Computability, Complexity, and Languages,” Academic Press, 1994
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Excellent post. Highly logical and common sense approach.
Thank you, much gratitude, just trying to follow the good guidance that was given to me, and give the guidance back. Using Logic is part of the building development of good character.
There’s a lot to unpack here but it’s worth the read. There’s no doubt that logical reasoning and even critical decision making is useless without a strong and proven moral belief system. We know that system is called Maat. Well done my brother. This is a must read.
Ase’
sbA Mkuu
Thank you, logic without a strong moral proven system is incomplete, it’s the moral system which is the strong foundation in which we begin to use other tools such as logic to build the house of character development.